Review outlines strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes and obesity

A review in *BMC Medicine* examines approaches to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention in people with type 2 diabetes, including those with obesity. It covers diabetes-specific risk models and artificial intelligence approaches to risk prediction, emerging biomarkers, pharmacological therapies, lifestyle measures, and population-level interventions. The supplied text does not report a systematic review method or new patient sample size.

The authors identify elevated lipoprotein(a) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants as contributors to residual risk despite LDL-cholesterol reduction and management of conventional risk factors. They describe SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies as having demonstrated cardiovascular and kidney benefits, alongside clinically meaningful weight reduction independent of glycaemic control. Therapies targeting lipoprotein(a) and triglycerides, as well as gene-editing technologies, are discussed as emerging areas.

The review frames prevention as moving toward more individualised risk assessment and treatment, combined with sustained lifestyle and policy interventions. It provides no new comparative clinical data or quantified effect estimates in the supplied text, and emerging approaches should not be interpreted as established treatment recommendations. The work was supported by a Universiti Malaya Partnership Grant; the funder reportedly had no role in the research or publication.